What is the Bladder Cancer What Are the Types of Bladder Cancer?

What is the Bladder Cancer What Are the Types of Bladder Cancer?

what is the bladder cancer what are the types of bladder

What is the Bladder Cancer What Are the Types of Bladder Cancer?

A bladder is a hollow organ that collects urine from the kidneys through the ureters for storage and eventual removal of the organism through the urethra. Bladder cancer is the abnormal growth of cells and is a common bladder cancer; Men have a higher risk of bladder cancer than women.
The most common symptom of bladder cancer is blood in the urine (hematuria).
Smoking is the most important risk factor for bladder cancer in smokers three to four times more likely to contract the disease than non-smokers.
Bladder cancer can be divided into non-invasive, or superficial and invasive, with the previous results which has much better treatment than this one.
The initial treatment for bladder cancer is transurethral resection of the bladder tumor (TURBT), which removes the tumor from the bladder through the urethra and provides information on the stage and grade of the tumor.
Bladder cancer is classified (ranked by degree of cancer spread) and classified (including abnormal and / or aggressive cells appear under the microscope) to determine the treatment and assess the prognosis of individual patients.
Low-grade superficial tumors (Ta) are treated with TURBT followed by optional instillation of a chemotherapy drug into the bladder to reduce recurrence rates. these

Tumors have high rates of recurrence, but very low probability of progression to higher stages.
High T1 tumors have a high chance of recurrence and progression and may require additional treatment such as BCG or bladder intravesical chemotherapy. Patients who do not respond to them may be better treated by cystectomy (bladder removal).
Cystectomy offers the best chance of cure in patients with invasive cancer of the bladder muscle.
Systemic chemotherapy, usually intravenous, is used in patients with metastatic disease at the time of diagnosis or in which the bladder cancer cells are present outside the bladder wall or in the lymph nodes during Of radical cystectomy.
The prognosis of bladder cancer varies from good to low and depends on stage and grade of cancer.
People can reduce the risk of bladder cancer by not smoking and avoiding environmental carcinogens.
There is information and support available for anyone involved on bladder cancer groups.

What is the bladder?

The bladder, or bladder is a hollow organ of the pelvis. Most lies behind the pubic bone of the pelvis, but when full of urine, can extend to the lower abdomen. Its main function is to store the urine drains of the kidney through the tubular structures called ureters. Both ureters open in the bladder. The bladder forms a low pressure reservoir that extends gradually as urine fillers. In men, the prostate gland is located near the base of the bladder where the urethra joins the bladder. From time to time, the muscular wall of the bladder contracts to expel the urine through the urinary passage (urethra) to the outside world. The normal bladder fills the volume is about 400 ml-600 ml, about 2 cups
What are the layers of the bladder?

The bladder consists of three layers of tissue. The innermost layer of the bladder that comes into contact with the urine stored in the bladder is called "mucosa" and consists of several layers of specialized cells called "transition" cells, which are located almost exclusively in the system Urinary bladder body. These same cells also form the inner wall of the ureter, the kidney and part of the urethra. These cells form an impermeable coating inside these organs to prevent urine in the deep layers of tissue.

The intermediate layer is a thin layer called the "blade" and forms the boundary between the internal "mucosa" and the outer muscular layer. This layer has a network of blood vessels and nerves and is an important step in terms of bladder cancer staging (described in detail below in sectional bladder cancer section).

The outer layer of the bladder is a part of the muscle "detrusor" and is called "muscularis". This is the thickest layer of the bladder wall. Its main function is to relax
Slowly while the bladder fills to provide a low-pressure urine storage and then get to compress the bladder and expel the urine during the act of urinating. On these three layers is a variable amount of fat lines and protects the bladder as a soft cushion and it separates surrounding organs, such as the rectum and muscles and pelvic bones.

What is bladder cancer?

what is bladder cancer?

Bladder cancer is an uncontrolled abnormal growth and multiplication of cells in the bladder, which have been released from the normal mechanisms that control uncontrolled cell growth. Invasive bladder cancer (including cancers of other organs) has the ability to spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body, including the lungs, bones and liver.

Bladder cancer always starts from the innermost layer of the bladder (for example, the mucosa) and can invade deeper layers as they grow. Otherwise, it may remain confined to the mucosa for a long period of time. Visually, it can appear in various forms. The most common is a thick (papillary) appearance, but can also appear as a nodule, a solid growth irregular or flat thickening, barely perceptible to the inner wall of the bladder (see details in the following sections).


What is the burden of bladder cancer in the United States?
Bladder cancer has the dubious distinction of inclusion in the list of 10 cancers, with a 76,960 new cases estimated in 2016 occurring in the US Bladder cancer is three to four times to be diagnosed in men are more likely than In women and about twice as many white men as in black men. Bladder cancer will kill about 16,390 people by 2016. In the US, the risk of bladder cancer in men's lives is one in 26 and one in 90.


What Are the Types of Bladder Cancer?

types of bladder cancer? 

Bladder cancer is classified according to the appearance of their cells under the microscope (histological type). The type of bladder cancer affects the choice of appropriate treatment for the disease. For example, some types may not respond to radiation and chemotherapy, as well as others. The degree necessary to maximize the chances of healing surgery can also be affected by the histological type of cancer. In addition, bladder cancers are often described as a function of their position in the bladder wall. Non-invasive bladder cancers are located in the inner layer of cells (epithelium of transition cells), but have not penetrated deeper layers. Invasive cancers penetrate the deeper layers, such as the muscle layer. Invasive cancers are more difficult to treat.

Are given below the most common types of bladder cancer and their relative incidence:

Urothelial carcinoma (formerly known as "transition cell carcinoma") is the most common type and comprises 90% to 95% of all bladder cancers. This cancer has two subtypes, papillary carcinoma (increased finger-like protrusions in bladder lumen) and carcinomas of planes that do not produce finger-like projections. Urothelial carcinoma (transitional cell carcinoma) is strongly associated with smoking.
Adenocarcinoma of the bladder comprises about 1% to 2% of all bladder cancers and is associated with prolonged inflammation and irritation. Most adenocarcinomas of the bladder are invasive.
Squamous cell carcinoma, comprising 1% to 2% of bladder cancers and is associated with prolonged infection, inflammation and irritation associated with stones standing as long in the bladder. In some parts of the Middle East and Africa (eg Egypt), it is the predominant form of bladder cancer and is associated with a chronic infection caused by the Schistosoma worm (a disease of the blood, causing Schistosomiasis, also called bilharziasis or snail fever).
Other rare forms of bladder cancer include small cells (from neuroendocrine cells), pheochromocytoma (rare) and sarcoma (in muscle tissue).

What are the causes of bladder cancer and risk factors?

About 50% of all bladder cancers can be caused by smoking. The longer and heavier exposure, the greater the chances of developing bladder cancer. Toxic chemicals in cigarette smoke, most of which are known carcinogens (carcinogens), trips into the bloodstream after being absorbed into the lungs and filtering through the urine through the kidneys. Then contact the cells of the lining of the urinary system, including the bladder and cause changes in the cells that make them more likely to become cancerous. Quitting smoking reduces the risk of developing bladder cancer, but it takes many years to reach the level of those who have ever smoked. However, as time passes after the shutdown date, the risk decreases gradually. Given the above, it is extremely important that patients with bladder cancer completely quit smoking because the chances of recurrence of cancer after treatment are higher among those

People who keep smoking.

People who smoke also have a higher risk of many other cancers, including acute leukemia and lung, lips, mouth, larynx, esophagus, stomach and pancreas cancer. Smokers also have an increased risk of diseases such as heart attacks, peripheral vascular disease, diabetes, stroke, bone loss (osteoporosis), emphysema and bronchitis.

Age and family history are other risk factors such as men. About 90% of people with bladder cancer are over 55 years old, although in rare cases the disease can occur in the third or fourth decade of life. Men are more likely to develop bladder cancer probably because of a higher incidence of smoking and exposure to toxic chemicals. A close relative with a history of bladder cancer may increase the predisposition to develop this disease.

Exposure to toxic chemicals such as arsenic, phenols, aniline dyes and aryl amines increases the risk of bladder cancer. Coloring workers, rubber workers, aluminum workers, leather workers, truck drivers, and the application of pesticides are the most at risk.

Radiotherapy (such as prostate or cervical cancer) and cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan) chemotherapy have been shown to increase the risk of developing bladder cancer. In addition, it may also delay the diagnosis of bladder cancer in patients with symptoms of bleeding in the urine, because this bleeding may be misdiagnosed by the patient and / or a doctor to induced bladder irritation By chemotherapy or radiotherapy (radiation cystitis).

Chronic infections long-term bladder irritation due to stones or foreign bodies, and infections by blood diseases prevalent in some parts of the world (as mentioned above) are other factors that predispose to cancer of the bladder .