What are the genes related to Parkinson's disease symptoms ?

What are the genes related to Parkinson's disease?

what are the genes relatrd to parkinsons disease?

What are the genes related to Parkinson's disease?

In most individuals, Parkinson's disease is idiopathic, meaning that it occurs sporadically and without a known cause. However, some people diagnosed with Parkinson's also have family members with the disease. By studying families affected with hereditary Parkinson's disease, scientists have identified several genes associated with the disorder. Studying these genes helps to understand the cause of Parkinson's disease and can lead to new therapies. So far, five genes have been identified that are definitely associated with Parkinson's disease.

• SNCA (synuclein, alpha amyloid precursor alpha component): SNCA made from alpha-synuclein protein. In the brain cells of people with Parkinson's disease, this protein accumulates in clusters called Lewy bodies. Mutations in the SNCA gene are found in early Parkinson's disease.
• PARK2 (autosomal recessive Parkinson's disease, juvenile 2): PARK2 The parkin gene makes the protein. PARK2 gene mutations are found primarily in people with juvenile Parkinson's disease. Parkin usually helps the cells break down and recycle proteins.
• PARK7 (autosomal recessive Parkinson's disease, early onset 7) of PARK7 mutations are found in early-onset Parkinson's disease. The PARK7 gene makes the DJ-1 protein, which can protect cells against oxidative stress.
• PINK1 (assumed kinase induced PTEN): Mutations in this gene are found in early onset Parkinson's disease. The exact function of the protein produced by PINK1 is not known, but it can protect the structures of the cell called mitochondria stress.
• LRRK2 (rinsed kinase 2 rich in leucine): LRRK2 makes protein dardarin. Mutations in the LRRK2 gene have been associated with late Parkinson's disease.
• Several other chromosomal regions and genes GBA (beta-glucosidase), SNCAIP (alpha synuclein interaction protein) and UCHL1 (ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal esterase L1) may also be related to Parkinson's disease.

Who is at risk for Parkinson's disease?

Age is the major risk factor for the development and progression of Parkinson's disease. Most people who develop Parkinson's disease are over 60 years old.
Men are affected about 1.5 to 2 times more often than women.
A few individuals are at increased risk due to family history of the disease.
Head injury, illness or exposure to environmental toxins such as pesticides and herbicides can be a risk factor.

What are the symptoms of Parkinson's disease?

The main symptoms of Parkinson's disease are all related to voluntary and involuntary motor function and usually begin on one side of the body. The symptoms are mild at first and will grow over time. Some people are more affected than others. Studies have shown that as long as the primary symptoms, people with Parkinson's disease have lost 60% to 80% or more of the dopamine-producing cells in the brain. Characteristic motor symptoms are:

Tremor: Trembling on the fingers, hands, arms, feet, legs, jaw or head.Tremors occur more frequently when the person rests, but not during their participation in a task. Tremors can get worse when a person gets excited, tired, or stressed.
Stiffness: Stiffness of limbs and trunk, which can grow more

movement. Stiffness can produce muscle aches and pain. Loss of fine hand movements can lead to tight lettering (micrography) and can lead to eating difficulties.
Bradykinesia: slow voluntary movement. Over time, it can become difficult to start the movement and to complete the movement. Bradykinesia and stiffness can also affect the muscles of the face and make the appearance "mask-like" appearance.
Postural instability: impeded or lost reflexes can make it difficult to adjust the posture to maintain balance. Postural instability can cause falls.
Parkinsonian gait: People with a more progressive Parkinson's disease develop a walking trait with a bent position and a decreased or absent tipper. It can be difficult to start walking and making turns. Individuals can freeze in the middle of a step and appear to fall forward while walking.
Secondary symptoms of Parkinson's disease

While the primary symptoms of Parkinson's disease are movement related, a gradual loss of muscle control and processing of brain damage can cause secondary symptoms. These vary in severity and not all individuals will experience all. Some secondary symptoms include:

• Anxiety, insecurity and stress
• Confusion, memory loss and dementia (most common in the elderly)
• constipation
• depression
• Difficulty swallowing and excessive salivation
• Decreased sense of smell
• Increased sweating
• Male erectile dysfunction
• Skin problems
• More silent slow and monotonous voice
• Urinary frequency / urgency

What other conditions like Parkinson's disease?

In its early stages, Parkinson's disease may resemble a number of other conditions with Parkinson's-like symptoms known as parkinsonism. These conditions include multisystemic atrophy, progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal degeneration, Lewy body dementia of the disease, stroke, encephalitis (inflammation of the brain), and head trauma. Alzheimer's disease and primary lateral sclerosis can also be confused with Parkinson's disease. Other such conditions include essential tremor, dystonic tremor, vascular parkinsonism, and drug-induced parkinsonism.