What Is Botulism Bacteria? treatment of botulism

What Is Botulism Bacteria? treatment of botulism

what is botulism bacteria ? treatment of botulism

What Is Botulism Bacteria? treatment of botulism

What is Botulism?

Botulism is a serious disease that causes flaccid paralysis of the muscles. It is caused by a neurotoxin, generically called botulinum toxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum (and rarely by C. butyricum and C. baratii). There are seven different types of neurotoxins (A-G) produced by Clostridium botulinum, but types A, B and E (and rarely F) are the most common cause of flaccid paralysis in humans. The other main disease causes in animals and birds, which also develop flaccid paralysis. Most Clostridium species produce only one type of neurotoxin; However, the effects of A, B, E or F in humans are essentially the same. Botulism is not transmitted from person to person. Botulism develops if a person ingests the toxin (or rarely, if inhaled or by injection) or Clostridium spp. Organisms grow in the gut or wounds in the body and the toxin is released.

The recorded history of botulism begins in 1735 when the disease was first associated with German sausages (foodborne disease or food poisoning after eating sausages). In 1870, a German doctor named Muller derived the botulism name from the Latin word for sausages. The bacterium Clostridium botulinum was first isolated in 1895, and produced a neurotoxin that was isolated in 1944 by Dr. Edward Schantz. From 1949 to 1950, showed that the toxin (BoNT called A) blocks neuromuscular transmission blocking the release of acetylcholine from the motor nerve endings. The toxins of botulism are some of the most toxic substances known to man; Although the toxin was considered to be used as a biological weapon, it was also used to treat many medical ailments. In 1980, Dr. Alan B. Scott used the toxin to treat strabismus (eye deviation), and in December 1989, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved BoNT-A (Botox) for The treatment of strabismus, blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm in young patients. The use of Botox to treat glabellar wrinkles (wrinkles of the forehead and lines) was approved in 2002 by the FDA for cosmetic improvement; The FDA has approved many additional uses (eg, underarm sweating and muscle aches disorders) since 2002.

In 2017, at least 10 patients were hospitalized with botulism. All patients who received botulism ate a nachos cheese sauce served at a gas station near Sacramento, California. A patient had to spend at least three weeks in the intensive care unit with paralysis. He died because of the suspicion of botulism epidemic..

What causes botulism?

Neurotoxin, synthesized and secreted by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum bacteria (and other Clostridium species) causes botulism. The toxin causes the disease by blocking the release of acetylcholine from the nerve endings of the motor. This result produces symptoms associated with botulism.

What are the risk factors for botulism?

The risk of botulism is increased by eating food can be incorrectly treated to kill bacteria C. botulinum and its spores (eg, some home preservation methods or a failure in the production of canned or tomato Fish) and to denature any toxins. Some preparations of honey may contain small amounts of bacterial spores; Children under 1 year of age are at risk if given honey. corn

Syrup was once implicated as a cause of botulism in infants, but this was subsequently proved not to be the source of the toxin. The risk of botulism increases if the wounds are contaminated with soil or fecal matter.

How many types of botulism are there?

There are three main types of botulism, which are classified by the way the disease is acquired:

Foodborne botulism is caused by eating foods that contain botulinum neurotoxin. These last small outbreaks occurred in Canada because of fermented fish and in New York because of the contamination of non-refrigerated bulk tofu.

The wound is caused botulism by the neurotoxin produced in a wound is infected with the bacterium Clostridium botulinum bacteria.

Infant botulism occurs when an infant consumes the spores of the botulinum bacterium. The bacteria then develop in the intestines and release the neurotoxin.

They described three types of botulism, but are rarely seen. The first is the adult intestinal colonization observed in older children and adults with abnormal gastrointestinal disorders. It is rare that it occurs with intestinal infection Clostridium botulinum in adults because adult gastrointestinal tract inactivating Clostridium botulinum bacteria ingested by gastric acid and enzyme activity. Typically, the adult form of this intestinal botulism is related to abdominal surgery that interfere with inactivation mechanisms. The second type (injection of botulism) is observed in patients injected with insufficient therapeutic neurotoxin (such as Botox, Dysport, Myobloc) amounts, while the third type (botulinum inhalation) is produced in laboratory staff working with neurotoxins. The six types of botulism are potentially fatal.

What is the frequency of botulism?

Due to improved canning processes, particularly with canning or food processing at home, the number of annual cases of foodborne botulism has dropped to around 1000 worldwide. In the United States, on average, 110 cases of botulism are reported each year. Of these, nearly 25% of cases are foodborne botulism, about 72% are infant botulism, and the rest (about 3%) are botulism by injury, which until recently was rare. Foodborne botulism epidemics involving two or more people are usually caused by eating contaminated canned food at home. The number of cases of food poisoning and infant botulism has changed little in recent years. However, the incidence of botulism by injury has increased, especially in California, by the use of black tar heroin, which causes infected wounds at heroin injection sites.

What are the signs and symptoms of botulism?

The classic symptoms of botulism include

• Double vision,
• blurry vision,
• Drooping eyelids,
• Speech draggable
• Difficulty swallowing,
• Dry mouth,
• Muscle weakness (leading to flaccid paralysis).

The classic symptoms may also be accompanied by other symptoms and signs

• Dilated pupils),
• dizziness;
• tired,
• constipation,
• Abdominal pain or pain,
• nausea,
• vomiting,
• slime
• Difficulty speaking,
• Difficulty swallowing,
• Difficulty breathing,
• Slow or absent reflexes,
• urinary retention,
• Facial weakness,
• Muscle weakness of the eyes and
• The paralysis.

Constipation may occur. The examination of the health professional may reveal that the nauseous reflex and deep tendon reflexes such as knee-reflex traction decrease or absent.

Infants with botulism appear lethargic, weak and lazy, poor eating, becoming constipated, and a low cry and low muscle tone. In babies, constipation is often the first symptom to occur.

These are all symptoms and signs related to muscle paralysis that is caused by a bacterial neurotoxin. Untreated, these symptoms and signs can progress to cause paralysis in various parts of the body, often seen as a descending paralysis of the arms, legs, trunk and respiratory muscles that can lead to death.

What is the treatment of botulism?

F is detected early, foodborne botulism and the wound can be treated with an antitoxin that blocks the action of circulating blood neurotoxin. Antitoxin (effective against three neurotoxins: A, B and E) is distributed from quarantine stations by the US government's Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The antitoxin can prevent the condition from worsening, but the recovery takes several more weeks. Another heptavalent antitoxin (effective against seven neurotoxins: A, B, C, D, E, F and G) may be available in the US Army. UU. O FEMA. However, HBAT (botulinum antitoxin, heptavalent) replaces other antitoxins and is available at the CDC Emergency Operations Center; Call 770-488-7100 for more information and supplies.

Doctors can remove any contaminated food is still in the intestine by causing vomiting or using enemas. Wounds should be treated, usually surgically, to eliminate the source of toxin producing bacteria. Good supportive care (intravenous fluids [IV], respiratory assistance, for example) in a hospital is the basis of treatment for all types of botulism.

Eliminations be used to remove unabsorbed toxin; However, none of the magnesium, citrate and sulfate salts are used, as they can increase the resistance of the toxin. Antibiotics (penicillin high doses of IV or other antibiotics) are not used in foodborne botulism, but are used in wound botulism; Surgical debridement may also be required. It is recommended to consult an infectious specialist to help manage the treatment protocols of the disease.

Antitoxin is not routinely given for the treatment of infantile botulism. However, now using BabyBIG (Human Immunoglobulin IV) is considered safe and effective. Unfortunately, you can only be obtained from the California Department of Public Health (call 510-231-7600), and costs apparently $ 45,300. Respiratory insufficiency and paralysis that occur with severe botulism may require the patient to be on a respiratory machine (ventilator) for weeks and may require intensive medical and nursing care (nasogastric aspiration, IV nutrition increased and Foley catheter, for example). After several weeks, the paralysis slowly improves axons of the nerves regenerate.

What are the complications of botulism?

Botulism can lead to death from respiratory failure. Over the past 50 years, the mortality rate has significantly decreased botulism. Unfortunately, a severe botulism patient may require a respiratory machine not only ventilation, but also intensive medical care and nursing for several months to survive.

Patients who survive an episode of botulism may experience fatigue and shortness of breath for years and long-term treatment may be required to facilitate recovery.

In 2009, the FDA increased its label precautions in the three products: Botox, Dysport and Myobloc. The three different formulations are the toxin and are not interchangeable with respect to the dosage. In addition, FDA warns all symptoms of botulism can occur if treatments are administered inappropriately, especially at high doses or part of the solution is filtered outside the localized area where it is injected . The FDA also warned healthcare professionals that providers of medical toxins that are not FDA Approval may provide defective products that could harm individuals.

What are the prospects for people with botulism?

Botulism has a mortality rate (mortality) of about 50%. Always properly patients treated with today's botulism have a mortality rate of about 3% to 5%. Some patients may experience different degrees of paralysis for several months. In general, the more the diagnosis and treatment of diseases, the better the prognosis. However, the results may be considered fair that in some patients who develop chronic fatigue and shortness of breath for many years after the initial diagnosis and treatment of botulism